The Death Penalty Is Not The Answer - 865 Words

The death penalty is a widespread controversial issue. The Criminal Justice System is the real assassin; death is not the answer. It is unconstitutional. It isn t moral to execute humans. The death penalty is a cruel punishment; it treats humans as inanimate objects that are to be toyed with. The death penalty should be outlawed. States that allow the death penalty don t have lower crime rates, so obviously people don t care that death could be their punishment. So what problem is this solving? None. Killing people for committing a crime doesn t make it any better. It s like giving them the easy way out for taking away someone else s life. Letting them rot in a jail cell for the rest of their life would make them suffer much more than simply killing them. There are only two styles of executions that the United States still use. They are the firing squad and lethal injection. The firing squad is only used when states can’t get the drugs used for lethal injection, which isn’t often. States started using lethal injection because, â€Å"Lethal injection was intended to be a superior alternative to electrocution, gassing or hanging, all of which are known to go wrong in gruesome ways. But when pharmaceutical companies began refusing to provide their drugs for deadly use and stories of botched injections became commonplace, the same legal qualms that had turned courts against the earlier methods were raised about lethal injections† (Von Drehle). Lethal injection can be veryShow MoreRelatedThe Execution of Death Penalty1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Penalty Introduction As of 2010, thirty-four States have some form of Death Penalty, while twelve States plus the District of Columbia have no Death Penalty. The number of Death Penalty executions from 1977 2010 by color-coded States follows: (Death Penalty Information Center, 2012). The basic dispute involving the Death Penalty is whether or not it should be abolished. This dispute has raged for decades in the United States and people on both sides of the debate appear toRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Not Be Legal968 Words   |  4 Pagescountry feel concerning the death penalty. Most chiefs came back and said that they feel the death penalty is unsuccessful. Politicians on the other hand have forgotten what law enforcement is all about and have instead given tax payers an tremendously expensive way to deal with crime. Politicians fail to realize that instead of using that money to support the death penalty we could be using that money to advance law enforcement. The police chiefs feel that the death penalty does not reduce crime andRead MoreIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent?1677 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Annotated Bibliography PS 223 Forensic Psychology I Research Question: Is the Death Penalty an Effective Deterrent? Honeyman, J. C., Ogloff, J. P. (1996). Capital punishment: Arguments for life and death. Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 28(1), 27-35. The main purpose of this article was to investigate the effects of the death penalty and theRead MoreCapital Punishment Research Study1288 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated to cost, racial bias, socio-economic class, innocent persons on death row, and cruel and unusual punishment. A questionnaire was provided to participants to gauge the level of education regarding issues and knowledge of the death penalty. Capital punishment is defined as the legal process to which a person is put to death by the state as punishment for a crime. Capital punishment is also hereby referred to as the death penalty. Research Methods Data for this study was obtained using both primaryRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Responsible For Making Such A Decision?1651 Words   |  7 Pagesto support these opinions or are they just that: opinions? The death penalty is something that has been around for centuries, but lately it has been the center of many controversies. While there are no cut and dry answers to these questions, there is one thing that is certain; before we are quick to make assumptions on the issue, there are some basic facts that we should first be made aware of when deciding whether the death penalty provides closure to families, or if it is legal murder carried outRead MoreDifferent View Points on the Death Penalty809 Words   |  3 Pageswill discuss the death penalty and its different points of view. Throughout history since the death penalty first was invented, people have had numerous thoughts on it. Some people are against it and others are for it. Many believe that it is too expensive and the death penalty is an easy way out for the offender. However others believe that it should exist and that it is worth the cost. We will discuss the Criminal Justice System and the affects and efficiency the death penalty has. Further on,Read MorePublic Opinion And The Death Penalty1324 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Death Penalty: A qualitative Approach, Political leaders, judges, criminal justice administrators, and citizen Groups support the capital punishment. Bohm (2003) argues that the public supports the death penalty because it contributes in five ways. First, if the public supports the legislators, he/she can vote in favor of the death penalty and of course against any statutes that are looking for its repeal. Second, Bohm argues that the prosecutors always seek the death penalty for politicalRead MoreLiterature Review on Death Penalty1028 Words   |  5 PagesDo You Agree With The Death Penalty? Abstract The main focus on this literature review paper is going to be over â€Å"Do you agree with the death penalty?†. I gathered information by asking a series of questions of other individuals. Some of the questions I asked was, â€Å"Do you think the death penalty is a deterrent from a crime?†, and â€Å"How should the death penalty be administered?† My goal is to find out how many people agree or disagree with the death penalty, and why. This will be a goodRead MoreBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient and evenhanded. The website is relevant to my topic as the site have information such as information on executions, trends, clear definition, and time between imposition of death sentence and execution. The site was revised the same date of access, therefore the information is up to date and would be useful. Death Penalty: Pros and Cons ProCon.org. n.p.13 Apr. 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. ProCon.org is a nonprofit public charity. It provides resources for critical thinking without bias. The informationRead MoreDeath Sentence Essay998 Words   |  4 Pageswould argue that the death penalty is not civil at all whatsoever. Capital Punishment is seen as primitive by many, but also beneficial to the public through retribution. The Death Penalty helps prevent future crime, helps economically, and enforces deserved punishment, but also as seen as immoral, barbaric, and misused through historical use. The Death Penalty helps prevent future crime by serving as an incentive to not commit horrendous atrocities. Obviously, the Death Penalty is feared by most

A Report On The Construction Sector Essay - 1321 Words

INTRODUCTION: The construction sector is the fifth largest sector in the New Zealand economy, employing more than 170,000 people. This makes up 7.6% of the labour force. It engendered 6.3% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010. (New zealand sector report, 2013) There is a lot going on in the construction management space, which has been poorly addressed in New Zealand until recently. (Pieter, 2011) High level of complexity is also involved in construction projects, which exposes this sector to humungous risk aspects. Therefore, lessening of risk linked to such projects, should be prioritized and handled in a systematic way. Risk is an indefinite occurrence or a state, which affects tangible or intangible factors. Managing risks in the right way is important. Risk Management deals with managing such uncertainties. Construction projects are categorized as multifaceted projects, where ambiguity comes from several sources. Construction projects gather together hundreds of participants, which makes it difficult to study this system as a whole. But at the same stretch these projects offer a perfect environment for network and Risk Management research. (Klemetti, 2006) Any construction project will have inherent risks, addressing such risks, analysing them and reducing the harmful impacts of such risks on the project development and completion leads to a successful project. The success factor of any project depends on: ïÆ'Ëœ In time completion ïÆ'Ëœ Specific budget ïÆ'Ëœ RequisiteShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Construction Industry On The Uk Economy1027 Words   |  5 PagesSector introduction: Balfour Beatty Plc operates in the heavy construction sub sector of the FTSE 250. This sector is particularly interesting given the effect recession has had on this sector and the ongoing developments in the industry. The construction sector in the UK is unique as the output in this sector fell faster than the whole economy in 2008. It has slipped into recession 3 times over the past 5 years (gov.uk, 2013). Overall the recession has had a dramatic effect in the constructionRead MoreGovernment Initiatives for Affordable Housing1261 Words   |  5 Pagesminister office has defined the modern method of construction as a method to produce better quality home in quick span of time. The housing corporation that is sponsored by the deputy prime minister office spends  £1.6 billion every year on building new homes with a 25% percent target consisting of the modern methods of construction. The English partnerships and the Department of Trade and Industry encourages and promotes the use of modern methods of construction. The National Audit Office Study conductedRead MoreImpact Of The Construction Industry On The Economy Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The construction industry in Australia has over the recent three years provided increased employment thereby improving the economic financial performance. This has been fueled primarily by middle market construction firms. However, forecast shows that the total non-residential construction would fall between 2014 and 2016 due to falling levels of investment on project activities. The economic deficits incurred in the construction industry would be offset by investments in the telecommunicationRead MoreBbm Project Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesEngineering, and Construction) Industry worldwide, is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics generating dramatically higher quality information, collaboration and communication process augmenting predictability and profitability (Crotty,2012)-P57.BIM has been adopted in the USA(United States of America) and UK(United Kingdom) for last few years to improve their construction sector but in contrast to it, Indian AEC firm is just initializing BIM process in the construction and managementRead MoreMarket Analysis : Edi Market1526 Words   |  7 Pagesinsurance reimbursement purpose. †¢ Automotive Industry: Due to Just-in-Time and Lean manufacturing practices in manufacturing, automated EDI process has become a key element to this sector. †¢ Financial Services: This industry is using EDI to handle accounts payable and receivables. Also, EDI is helping the sector to manage investments and loans. †¢ High-Tech: Due to complicated value chain of the industry, many high tech companies depend on EDI for design and manufacture of their products. †¢ RetailRead MoreThe Managerial Styles Within The Catering Industry1478 Words   |  6 PagesStudent No: 000879221-6 20th November 2015 1. Introduction This report critically compares the key management theories and management style differences between the catering and construction sectors. It identifies core differences within the industries and the difference in approach required for each to deliver one’s own service. the diference in the â€Å"product† which is being delivered by both sectors is a major reso 2. Management Overview Project management is a social constructRead MoreThe Effect Of Corporate Governance Practices On Firm Performance1500 Words   |  6 PagesSaudi Stock exchange (Tadawul) from two different sectors such as Construction sector and Petrochemical sector have been selected. The required data has been collected during the period of 2011 and 2014, because the recent data may reflect the current performance scenario of the companies. The petro chemical industries are mostly below ground (in which case it is construction) and above ground (in which case it is building), i.e. building construction companies are associated with petrochemical industriesRead MoreBusiness Innovation And Skills Of Uk Government1563 Words   |  7 Pagesheadcount should not be more than 50 and 10, the turnover has to be under 10 million euro and 2 million euro. Most of the SMEs contribute in the Construction section and there is a number of 956,000 SMEs estimated by the government. Furthermore, the industry of Pro fessional, Scientific and Technical Activities (792,000), Wholesale and Retail Trade and Repair Sectors (522,000) take the second highest and third highest in the SMEs business population. These three industries will be the main focus groups ofRead MoreThe Level Of Concentration Is High1314 Words   |  6 PagesWith my research I found that the level of concentration is high enough to suggest that some markets within the construction industry can be considered oligopolistic. It is important to remember that the market structure is only one characteristic of various factors which affects the performance of firms concerned. My research found that within the Materials and components grouping 13/24 markets are oligopolistic. 2/9 is oligopolistic within the Professional consultancy, 2/11 within Plant and equipmentRead MoreThe Role of Private Sector in Social and Economic Development1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe important role that the private sector plays in social and economic develop ment led the International Labour Conference to discuss the concept of sustainable enterprises in June 2007. The promotion of sustainable enterprises ensures that human, financial and natural resources are combined equitably. An environment conducive to the creation and growth of enterprises on a sustainable basis must take into account the three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental

Social Stratification free essay sample

Good afternoon Madam Chairperson, ladies and Gentlemen, my fellow opponents a warm welcome to you all. The topic for our debate is â€Å"social stratification is an inevitable and necessary evil†. Before I get into the moot for our debate let me firstly define social stratification, according to the literature; Browne stated and I quote â€Å"it refers to the division of society into pattern of layers or strata made up of a hierarchy of unequal social group† end quote. (campus 2013) We the opposing team strongly believe that social stratification is not an inevitable and necessary evil because according to Karl Marx, who argues and I quote â€Å"social stratification is dysfunctional and harmful in society; also that social stratification benefits the rich and powerful at the expense of the poor. Thus, it creates a system of winners and losers that is maintained by those who are on the top† end quote. My fellow opponents, Marxist also argued that there are inevitable conflicts of interest between the major social classes in society derived not entirely from their functional usefulness but to a considerable extent from their power to exploit the property-less Proletariat. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Stratification or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The people who are losers do not get a fair chance to compete, and thus are stuck on the bottom. For example, wealthy families pay low wages to nannies to care for their children. These low wage workers do not make enough to move beyond paycheck-to-paycheck and which give them limited means of moving ahead. Therefore, conflict theorists believe that this competitive system, together with the way the game is fixed, end up creating and perpetuating stratification systems (The Functionalist Theory of Social Stratification 2013). Madam Chairperson, ladies and Gentlemen my fellow opponent, How is social stratification is a nessary evil, when all it does is ultimately acted as a catalyst to social disparity an inequality which creates a social hierarchy that stifles potential economic gain and social mobility? Bibliography campus, Uwi open. unit 5 Stratification and Mobility in Caribbean Society. In Social Stratification, by James, 196. Phyillse Flemings -Banks, 2013. GROUP, The DAWN MEDIA. Social stratification negative impact. 2013. http://beta.dawn.com/news/627362/social-stratification-negative-impacts (accessed Octo 2013). The Functionalist Theory of Social Stratification. June 07, 2013. http://www.earlhamsociologypages.co.uk/functheorysocstratsummi.htm (accessed October 13, 2013).

Social Learning Theory Essay Example

Social Learning Theory Essay This research by Bandura shows that there IS a difference between learning and actual performance. Children imitate behaviour under certain circumstances but always seem to learn it. Differences were apparent between Bandura and Walters study in 1963 and Banduras study in 1965 because only rewards were given to the children producing any type of behaviour. This shows inconsistency in research findings making it difficult to be able to draw conclusions. However, the differences between the 2 experiments show that children observing punishment has a larger effect on behaviour than if they see rewards suggesting that production of behaviour depends on how the observed behaviour is responded to by others. It is found that children are more likely to replicate observed behaviour if model was rewarded, whether other adults approved, whether other children imitated the behaviour, and whether the observer can relate to the model. There are also other factors to account for the findings from Banduras experiments especially to do with the family backgrounds the children were from. Hollins and Howells found that children raised by aggressive parents were also likely to be aggressive themselves. This suggests that children have learned the aggression from their family home and repeated it in different social contexts i. e. took aggression out on the Bobo doll. This therefore supports Social Learning Theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, Patterson et al (1989) found that in homes where there was at least one aggressive child, the common factor was a home environment where physical punishment and shouting were often used. This would increase aggression in people as they have learned it from their family and evidently would repeat it in the outside world because thats how theyve been brought up. Similarly, if children in a family were brought up in a caring background where you look after one other then you would find that these children are the least aggressive in society. Social Learning Theory has been largely supported by psychologists which has been shown through Banduras research. However his research was based solely on young childrens perception and learning of behaviour and doesnt account for adults therefore findings cannot be generalised to all of society. Phillips (1986) investigated Social Learning Theory in adults and found that homicide rate in adults was higher following the broadcast of a boxing match suggesting that observing this aggressive behaviour led more people to inflict harm on others. This therefore shows that social learning is present in adults providing empirical support for Social Learning Theory. Another strength is that Social Learning Theory accounts for a lack of consistency in aggressive behaviour. i. e. aggression in front of peers is different to behaviour shown around parents because behaviour is reinforced differently (context-dependent learning). Social Learning Theory also accounts for cultural differences in aggressive behaviour, i. e. individualistic cultures are more aggressive than collectivistic cultures because individuals learn from others how to look after themselves and how to survive. However, Bandura was criticised on the grounds that the television programmes he used in his experiments were not representative of the programmes at the time therefore again lacks ecological validity. It is also highly unethical to manipulate childs behaviour as they probably did not give informed consent even though parents allowed them to participate. Social Learning Theory has also been largely criticised by biological researchers. They argue that the theory completely ignores individuals biological state. they state that the social learning theory rejects the differences of individuals due to genetic, brain, and learning differences (Jeffrey, 1985: p. 238) The effect of the media on aggression has also been widely researched. Aggression ideas shown by the media, influences people to observe, learn and imitate the behaviour. However, evidence for this is inconclusive. Media may simply be a contributing factor, all the other factors like family background and individual differences could account for peoples levels of aggression. In conclusion, Social Learning Theory as an explanation of aggression ignores that aggression can be innate and the amount of arousal within the person at the time can affect behaviour largely. However, the theory is largely supported in psychology as is demonstrated through Banduras work with the Bobo dolls. These experiments demonstrate conclusively that the acquisition and production of aggression is socially mediated. (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2004: p. 37). References Bandura, A. (1962). Social Learning through Imitation. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, NE. Bandura, 1973. cited on http://www. criminology. fsu. edu/crimtheory/bandura. htm. Accessed on 1st November 2005. Website used for various information. Bandura, A. , Walters, R. H. (1959). Adolescent Aggression. Ronald Press: New York: http://mentalhelp.net. Social Learning Theory Essay Example Social Learning Theory Paper Social Learning Theory: Social Learning is on the nurture side of the Nature Vs Nurture debate. The main concept of the social learning approach is that you learn by observing the behaviour of others and the outcomes of those behaviours. For example, if a child was to see someone getting positively rewarded, they would copy the behaviour to receive the reward. Whereas, if they were to see someone being punished they wouldnt copy it. (Van Wagner K, 2005) Social learning theory explains human behaviour in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) Albert Bandura stated in 1977 that Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviour is learned observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. Modelling is a method used where the client learns from imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist. (Wikipedia, modelling, 2008) The conditions that must be in place for effective modelling are: We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Learning Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer * Attention A persons characteristics determine their attention level; such as sensory capacities, arousal level, perceptual set, past reinforcement. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Retention Retention is remembering what you paid attention too, such as mental images, sounds, symbolic coding. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Reproduction This is when you reproduce what it is you paid attention too, such as physical capabilities and self-observation of reproduction. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) * Motivation Motivation is having a good enough reason to imitate what you paid attention to in the beginning. Motivation can be past, promised and vicarious. (Learning-Theorists, 2009) Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was born on the 4th December 1925, and is a Canadian psychologist that created the Social Learning theory. (Wikipedia, Albert Bandura, 2008) He first started research on the Social Learning theory whilst he worked in the Department of Psychology at Stanford University. Working along side one of his students Richard Walters; they studied human motivation, thought and action which he then furthered to social learning and aggression. This all interlinks to his most famous experiment The Bobo Doll Experiment. Bobo Doll Experiment The Bobo Doll experiment was first conducted in 1961. Its main goals were to help understand behavioural learning in the form of aggression. The experiment involved 72 children aged between 3 and 6, divided equally by gender, watching a model acting in a certain manner towards the Bobo Doll. The children were then split into groups that were divided by gender, aggressive behaviour and non-aggressive behaviour. They were then split between models that were the same gender or different gender. In total, there were 8 experimental groups. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The children were taken individually into a room which contained a Bobo Doll, lots of toys and a model. The child watched the model for 10 minutes whilst they played with the toys for a minute and then acted aggressively towards the Bobo Doll for the rest of the time, using physical and verbal abuse and also hitting it with a mallet from one of the other toys. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The model would then leave and the child would be taken to a second room which contained the same equipment as the previous room, but this time the model would only play with the toys and completely ignore the Bobo Doll. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) The child would then be taken to a third room which contained many appealing toys and a Bobo Doll. The child would only be allowed to play with the toys for a short amount of time until someone would enter the room tell them that those toys were for the other children and that they werent allowed to play with them. This was to make the child angry, hoping to cause aggression. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Finally, the child would be taken to a fourth room with contained toys of aggressive and non-aggressive nature, such as the Bobo Doll, a mallet, toy guns, a ball, paper and crayons, plastic farm animals and a tea set. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Bandura recorded the results of the Bobo Doll experiment in 8 different measures of aggression ranging from kicking the doll, shouting insults they heard from the model and using the mallet. After studying the results Bandura found out that children do learn from watching the behaviour of others, discovering that the children that saw the aggressive model imitating the physical aggression, 38.2 from boys and 12.7 from girls. The same results were found for verbal abuse, with boys using it 17 times and girls 15.7 times. It was also proved that males tended to be more aggressive than females, after finding out that there were 270 incidents of males showing aggression, against females showing aggression 128 times. (Wikipedia, Bobo Doll Experiment, 2008) Social Learning in Health and Social Care Social Learning is present in school education from teachers and fellow students. Teachers have to help students believe they can do the work and watch others be successful and develop self-efficiency to experience success themselves. Teachers also have to show appropriate behaviour and language whilst around students; this is so they get an understanding of what is right and wrong. (Teachnet) Teachnet states that Modelling provides an alternative to shaping for teaching new behaviours. Instead of using shaping, which is operant conditioning, modelling can provide a faster, more efficient means for teaching new behaviour. To promote effective modelling a teacher must make sure that the four essential conditions exist; attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. Social Learning in Health Education In health education, there is no approach that has been specifically said to work better than the rest. Social Learning could be used in health education to try to advise someone to reduce or stop whatever is harming their health. An example of this would be using the peer-led approach to health education, such as if an ex-smoker was to talk to a smoker about giving up, the ex-smoker could explain about all the advantages to their health and wellbeing, like no loss of breath and no lingering smell on their clothes, hands and hair.

Lean-Burn Engines

Lean-Burn Engines Lean-burn means pretty much what it says. It is a lean amount of fuel supplied to and burned in an engine’s combustion chamber. Gasoline burns best in standard internal combustion engines when it is mixed with air in the proportions of 14.7:1 - nearly 15 parts of air to every one part of fuel. A true lean-burn can go as high as 32:1. If internal combustion engines were 100 percent efficient, the fuel would burn and produce just carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. But the reality is, engines are far less efficient and the combustion process also produces carbon monoxide (CO),  oxides of nitrogen (NOx)  and unburned  hydrocarbons in addition to CO2 and water vapor. In order to reduce these harmful exhaust emissions, two basic approaches have been used: Catalytic converters that clean up the exhaust gases coming from the engine, and lean-burn engines which produce lower levels of emissions by better combustion control and more complete fuel burning inside the engine cylinders. Engineers have known for years that a leaner air to fuel mixture is a frugal engine. The problems are, if the mixture is too lean, the engine will fail to combust, and a lower fuel concentration leads to less output. Lean-burn engines overcome these issues by employing a highly efficient mixing process. Specially shaped pistons are used along with intake manifolds that are located and angled to match the pistons. Additionally, the engine’s inlet ports can be shaped to cause â€Å"swirl† - a technique borrowed from direct injection diesel engines. Swirl leads to a more complete mixing of fuel and air that enables more complete burning, and in the process reduces pollutants without altering the output. The downside of lean-burn technology is increased exhaust  NOx  emissions (due to higher heat and cylinder pressure) and a somewhat narrower RPM power-band (due to slower burn rates of lean mixtures). To address these problems lean-burn engines have precise lean-metered direct  fuel injection, sophisticated computer controlled engine management systems and more complex  catalytic converters to further reduce NOx emissions. Today’s advanced lean-burn engines, both gasoline and diesel, achieve noteworthy fuel efficiency performance during both city and highway driving conditions. In addition to the fuel economy advantage, the design of lean-burn engines results in a high torque power output relative to horsepower rating. For drivers, this means not only savings at the fuel pump, but also a driving experience that includes a vehicle that accelerates quickly with fewer harmful emissions from the tailpipe.

Overview of Rider Bills in Government

Overview of Rider Bills in Government In U.S. government, â€Å"riders† are bills in the form of additional provisions added to the original versions of bills or resolutions considered by Congress. Often having little relationship to the subject matter of the parent bill, riders are typically used as an often-criticized tactic intended to gain the enactment of a controversial bill that would probably not pass if introduced on its own.   Other riders, known as â€Å"wrecking† or â€Å"poison pill† bills are used not to actually be passed, but merely to prevent the passage of the parent bill or to ensure its veto by the president. Riders More Common in the Senate Though they are all in either chamber, riders are used more often in the Senate. This is because the Senates rule’s requirements that the subject of the rider must be related or â€Å"germane† to that of the parent bill are more tolerant than those of the House of Representatives. Riders are rarely allowed in the House, where amendments to bills must at least deal with the substance of the parent bill. Most States Effectively Ban Riders The legislatures of 43 of the 50 states have effectively banned riders by giving their governors the power of the line-item veto. Denied to Presidents of the United States by the U.S. Supreme Court, the line-item veto allows the executive to veto individual objectionable items within a bill. An Example of a Controversial Rider The REAL ID Act, passed in 2005, required the creation of something that most Americans have always opposed – a national personal identification registry. The law requires the states to issue new, high-tech driver’s licenses and prohibits the federal agencies from accepting for certain purposes - like boarding airliners- driver’s licenses and identification cards from states that do not meet the law’s minimum standards. When it was introduced by itself, the REAL ID Act garnered so little support in the Senate that is was never even brought to a vote. But its backers got it passed anyway. The bill’s sponsor, Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R) of Wisconsin, attached it as a rider to a bill no post-9/11 politician would have dared vote against, titled the â€Å"Emergency, Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief.† That bill allocated money to pay the troops and pay for the war on terror. Few voted against the bill. The military spending bill, with the REAL ID Act rider attached, passed in the House of Representatives by a  vote of 368-58, by a vote of 100-0 in the Senate. President George W. Bush signed it into law on May 11, 2005. Rider bills are most often used in the Senate because the Senate’s rules are far more tolerant to them than the rules of the House. In the House, all amendments to bills must generally be related to or deal with the subject of the parent bill being considered. Riders are most often attached to major spending, or â€Å"appropriations† bills, because the defeat, presidential veto or delay of these bills could delay the funding of vital government programs leading to a temporary government shutdown. In 1879, President Rutherford B. Hayes complained that lawmakers using riders could hold the executive hostage by â€Å"insisting upon the approval of a bill under the penalty of stopping all of the operations of government.† Rider Bills: How to Bully a President Opponents – and there are many – of rider bills have long criticized them as being a way for Congress to bully the President of the United States. The presence of a rider bill can force presidents to enact laws they would have vetoed if presented to them as separate bills. As granted by the U.S. Constitution, the presidential veto is an all-or-nothing power. The president must either accept the riders or reject the entire bill. Especially in the case of spending bills, the consequences of vetoing them just to quash an objectionable rider bill could be severe. Basically, the use of rider bills greatly dilutes the president’s veto power. What almost all presidents have said they needed to counteract rider bills is the power of the â€Å"line-item veto.† The line-item veto would allow the president to veto individual measures within a bill without affecting the main purpose or effectiveness of the bill. Currently, the constitutions of 43 of the 50 U.S. states have provisions allowing their governors to use the line-item veto. In 1996, Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 granting U.S. presidents the power of the line-item veto. In 1998, however, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional. Rider Bills Confuse the People As if keeping up with the progress of bills in Congress isn’t hard enough already, rider bills can make it even more frustrating and difficult.   Thanks to rider bills a law about â€Å"Regulating Apples† can seem to vanish, only to end up being enacted months later as part of a law titled â€Å"Regulating Oranges.† Indeed, without a painstakingly daily read of the Congressional Record, riders can make keeping up with the legislative process almost impossible. And it’s not like Congress has ever been accused of being too transparent in how it does the people’s work. Lawmakers Introduce  Anti-Rider Bills Not all members of Congress use or even support rider bills. Senator Rand Paul (R – Kentucky) and Rep. Mia Love (R - Utah) have both introduced the â€Å"One Subject at a Time Act† (OSTA) as H.R. 4335 in the House and S. 1572 in the Senate. As its name implies, the One Subject at a Time Act would require that each bill or resolution considered by Congress embrace no more than one subject  and that the title of all bills and resolutions clearly and descriptively express the subject of the measure. The OSTA would give presidents a de facto line-item veto by allowing them to consider only one measure at a time, instead of rider-packed, all-or-nothing â€Å"package deal† bills. â€Å"Under OSTA politicians will no longer be able to hide the true subjects of their bills behind propagandistic titles such as the PATRIOT Act, the Protect America Act, or the No Child Left Behind Act,† stated DownsizeDC.org, in support of the bill. â€Å"No one wants to be accused of voting against patriotism or protecting America, or of wanting to leave children behind. But none of those titles actually describes the subjects of those bills.†

Soap Opera developed from the American radio serials in the 1930s to a Essay

Soap Opera developed from the American radio serials in the 1930s to a major global television genre. Trace it s development a - Essay Example These ongoing serials, which first appeared on radio and later on television, were called â€Å"soap operas† because the leading soap manufacturers such as P&G, Lever Brothers, Colgate and others were the major advertisers, producers and financers of these soap operas (Katzman, 1972, p. 210). By the 1930s, most of the networks and advertisers were realising the potential and the size of the daytime market, as most men would spend their daytime on their job and children would spend most of the morning and afternoon at school and playing outside, which left the women and homemakers as an enormous untapped market (Baym, 1996, p. 149). Soap operas provided these networks to tap into this market and attract the advertisers since these women made most of the important purchasing decisions in their homes. Furthermore, with the advent of television and its widespread distribution and use in industrialised and modern economies, advertisers began to focus on developing soap operas on te levision and it is on television that the genre of soap opera has developed and nurtured (Nariman & Rogers, 1993, p. 152). This paper will make a brief attempt at exploring and analysing the development and evolution of soap operas in the global television industry with highlighting the significant and noteworthy changes that have taken place over the past few decades in terms of the format and content of soap operas. Discussion For the most part, a crucial defining element of soap operas has been its open-ended narrative nature, where the story line has the potential to go into so many directions. Every episode ends in such a way that it does need to explicitly run a ticker saying, â€Å"To be continued† because the viewers easily infer that the story will move on to several upcoming episodes. A soap opera may have several parallel story lines, which may intersect with each other and shape each other. Soap opera are least likely to bring all of their storylines to conclusion during the show and even if one storyline moves towards its conclusion, the other storyline is likely to take its place (Nariman & Rogers, 1993, p. 152). During the early years, when the soap operas represented stage plays and theatre settings, the actors relied heavily on blocking techniques. Every now and then, during conservations between characters, one character would suddenly change his or her direction so that they could both face the camera or the stage at the same time (Matelski, 1988, p. 37). The conversation or dialogue delivery, which takes place in such a setting, is not at all realistic but this was a technique which was heavily relied upon during the early years when most of the soap operas were shot in live format. The same does not apply to soap operas and television dramas of today, whether they are using single camera or multi camera format (Liebes & Livingstone, 1998, p. 68). During much of the 1940s-1960s, many of the soap operas never left interior settings or were shot in fictional settings of Midwestern midsized towns. Furthermore, since most of the early actors that took part in these soap opera were theatre actors, the focus remained on live broadcasting in order to provide a

Moral Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral Model - Essay Example the principle of nonmaleficence or harm to the patient (Caplan & Arp, 2013); if the healthcare provider in some way forces the patient to agree to undergo transfusion, s/he has defied the principle of autonomy or the right of the patient to decide for him/herself (Treas & Wilkinson, 2013). Hence the judgment that the healthcare provider should make is whether to agree to the patient’s wishes, look for legal means to administer transfusion without the consent of the patient, or look for the most appropriate middle ground or compromise. This essay will use the MORAL model to generate several options or choices for the resolution of the moral dilemma. First is identifying and describing the aspects of the moral dilemma—(M) massage the dilemma. The values in conflict are respect for physical life and individual autonomy. The healthcare provider gives importance to both principles of nonmaleficence and autonomy. The healthcare provider completely understands the patient’s condition that is triggering the need for blood transfusion. However, s/he does not have sufficient time to decide because the situation was all too sudden. It seems that the patient is not aware of the full situation and does not know that it will be fatal if transfusion is not administered. Still, as stated in the core principles that healthcare professionals must take into consideration when making medical decisions with patients who refuse blood transfusions, a completely competent, fully informed adult patient is authorized to make a decision whether to agree to a medical treatment or not (Corey et al., 2014). The healthcare provider should then outline the options. The healthcare provider has to provide a summary of the emergency condition of the patient and specify some of the medical options available. First are non-blood medical options. The patient may agree to non-blood volume expanders like Dextran, Saline, Haemacel, and so on (Wilkinson & Treas, 2010). Second option is products

The Tournament Essay Example for Free

The Tournament Essay If you have ever regretted volunteering for a task, but had to continue, despite this, you will know how I felt, as I boarded the coach that would take me to the venue of the chess tournament. It was an all-consuming, unforgettable, always nagging sort of worry: that I would bring about my own humiliation as I lost game by game at the prestigious tournament. No. Not a worry but a certainty. For I had not practised once in the past months, while in my prime, it was normal for me to spend a couple of evenings per week at a board, revising combinations. Yes, it was this lack of practice that troubled me to the very core, that I would disappoint my team and be humiliated for it. So the odour of the garbage on the coach had little effect on me, as I contemplated the nature of the disgrace that I would bring upon myself. In an attempt to banish these thoughts from my head, I brought out my reading book, which I soon immersed myself in, but the cheers and chit chat from my team mates as the coach started could not be ignored. As I snapped out of my ponderous trance, I became aware of the true stench of this appalling place where rotten eggs and ham from long forgotten packed lunches lay neatly stacked under the seats and the random splodges of yogurt were spread over the once-fine seat covers. But as the hours passed, none of these were noticed as my nose grew accustomed to the constant whiff, and my eyes remained firmly fixed on the pages of my book. It was finally four hours later that we pulled into the drive of the B B where we would stay. Just one more night till I would be a humiliated man My first match of the next day started and ended badly. I was to play against a boy of no more than 8, who sat precariously on the very edge of his seat, with legs dangling aimlessly under the table. His age and the innocent gaze gave me hope that I could at least secure 1 point for my team. But I was wrong, very wrong. As he made his first moves, I saw he was no novice and despite my best efforts, my fiendish foe struck mercilessly, felling my pieces one by one. It was an uphill struggle, a battle I could not win and yet I tried, while to my annoyance, he squealed with delight after each capture in a childlike manner, though he had the skill of double his apparent age. I can tell you this was terribly shocking. So there was no surprise when he finally delivered checkmate, though while we did this, I dreaded the teases I would be sure to receive as the result of this lost battle, especially due to my opponents age. As I stepped from the room, my fears were confirmed. My humiliation had begun. My next match went just as badly. Still in a daze from the jests endured, my head spinning, as I tried desperately to win against my unsympathetic opponent. But my efforts were to no avail, as I lost, even more swiftly than before. But my thoughts cleared as I left the tournament room: one round to make a win. One round to avoid disgrace! After my disastrous rounds, I expected nothing more than another loss from equally capable opponents, knowing my fate for humiliation had been sealed the moment I agreed to come. But my next opponent was not something I could have anticipated given even the wildest imagination. Like a giant, he towered over the board, but it was not his height which troubled me but his bulk. His fat bulged in great flabs so that I felt he might burst and his slow, lumbering walk scarcely surprised me. One could tell clothes were not made to his size; the Nike logo on his shirt was stretched into a thin line while his fat writhed under his tight top as he reached out to move his piece. I made no mistake in underestimating my opponent this time, however, it was soon clear he was less gifted than the child prodigy I had played the first round. But there was still something strange about the game play, there was something about the way we played in his shadow that unnerved me, and before long, I once more felt myself sailing against the wind in this battle of mine. But as does a wounded animal strike back, so did I, knowing the fate that would come to me if I lost this match. But then, my silent prayers were answered: in the form of the biggest blunder I had ever seen at this level of play, and I pounced upon it, like a hungry wild cat as he throws himself on a mouse. The tide had changed, and I finished him off easily. The victory was mine, no disgrace for me.

Waste Land Essay: Eluding Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste Land: Eluding Understanding The Waste Land is, to begin with, a poem that includes an interpretation as part of the poem, and it is therefore a poem that makes a problem of its meaning precisely by virtue of its apparent (and apparently inadequate) effort to explain itself. We cannot understand the poem without knowing what it meant to its author, but we must also assume that what the poem meant to its author will not be its meaning. The notes to The Waste Land are, by the logic of Eliot's philosophical critique of interpretation, simply another riddle--and not a separate one to be solved. They are, we might say, the poem's way of treating itself as a reflex, a "something not intended as a sign," a gesture whose full significance it is impossible, by virtue of the nature of gestures, for the gesturer to explain." And the structure of the poem--a text followed by an explanation--is a reproduction of a pattern that, as the notes themselves emphasize, is repeated in miniature many times inside the poem itself, where cultural expressions are transformed, by the mechanics of allusion, into cultural gestures. For each time a literary phrase or a cultural motif is transposed into a new context--and the borrowed motifs in The Waste Land are shown to have themselves been borrowed by a succession of cultures--it is reinterpreted, its previous meaning becoming incorporated by distortion into a new meaning suitable to a new use. So that the work of Frazer and Weston is relevant both because it presents the history of religion as a series of appropriations and reinscriptions of cultural motifs, and because it is itself an unreliable reinterpretation of the phenomena it attempts to describe. The poem (as A. Walton Litz argued some time ago) is, in other words, not about spiritual dryness so much as it is a bout the ways in which spiritual dryness has been perceived. And the relation of the notes to the poem proper seems further emblematic of the relation of the work as a whole to the cultural tradition it is a commentary on. The Waste Land is presented as a contemporary reading of the Western tradition, which (unlike the "ideal order" of "Tradition and the Individual Talent") is treated as a sequence of gestures whose original meaning is unknown, but which every new text that is added to it makes a bad guess at.

Jaguar regains its reputation Essay

Originally called the Swallow Side Car Company, Jaguar Cars was founded in 1922 and became famous for its luxury and sports cars. In 1990, Jaguar was taken over by Ford and is now a wholly owned subsidiary. At the time of the Ford takeover, Jaguar’s quality performance was something of a paradox. Aesthetically and in terms of on-the-road performance the cars were often highly regarded, especially by a hard core of enthusiasts. Yet even they could not ignore Jaguar’s reputation for making cars which were, in comparison to its rivals, of exceptionally poor reliability. Plagued by under-investment and a conservative technical-led, rather than customer-led, culture, the company’s old plants were struggling to achieve even acceptable levels of conformance quality. At this time, the JD Power survey of customer satisfaction of cars imported to the US ranked only one car (the Yugo) lower than Jaguar. All this changed through the 1990s. The company invested heavily in training, especially in quality techniques such as statistical process control (see Chapter 17). Piecework was abolished, as was ‘clocking in’ and a general productivity bonus introduced which encouraged flexible working. Other shop floor initiatives included the introduction of multiskilled teams, total productive maintenance (see Chapter 19), continuous improvement teams (see Chapter 18) and benchmarking against the best in the business (see Chapter 18). The success of this quality improvement programme was dramatic. It encouraged Ford to invest in new Jaguar models and also had a significant impact on customer satisfaction. The same surveys which once put Jaguar at the bottom of the league now rank it in the very top group of luxury car makers. Jaguar regains its reputation Answer 1.What does ‘quality’ mean for a motor vehicle manufacturer such as Jaguar? This box highlights how Jaguar have always been regarded as excellent at some aspects of quality (such as performance and aesthetics) but very poor at other (such as product reliability). This gives us a clue as to the various ‘dimensions’ of quality which are important to Jaguar. They are as follows. †¢ Performance – The speed, power, cornering and other aspects of the way the car drives. Fast speed, powerful acceleration, responsive handling, and so on are generally regarded as the mark of a ‘prestige’ car. †¢ Aesthetics – The overall appearance of the car should reflect its values. A Jaguar is smooth, luxurious, dashing and sporty! The key question for Jaguar is ‘does the overall appearance and shape of the car reflect these values and appeal to its target customers?’ †¢ Equipment – Is the car equipped with the type of things one would expect from a luxury car such as leather seats, global position system equipment, adjustable headlights and so on? †¢ Finish – Are the visible areas of the car free from any marks or blemish? This means an absence of scratches or small marks as well as an appropriate surface finish to all visible surfaces. †¢ Build quality – This normally refers to how the car feels as doors open and close, windows are raised and lowered and so on. Is there a satisfying ‘solidity’ about the feel of the car? †¢ Reliability – When in use does the car (or some part of the car) break down? Do things go wrong? †¢ After sales service – Should the owner have any problems or wishes to know something more about the car, is it easy for him or her to do so? All of these can be expanded considerably but the list does give an overall indication of the very many dimensions of quality which are important to Jaguar. 2.How did the changes which Jaguar made to its operations practice affect the quality of its products? The changes made by Jaguar (at least those described in the box) were all to the processes within the operation. For example, †¢ Training would equip operators with the skills to assemble the car in the correct manner without making mistakes. †¢ Statistical Process Control (covered in Chapter 17) would enable the operators to make sure that shopfloor processes operating as they should be an preferably improving. †¢ Changing the payment system both encouraged operators to learn more skills and prevents them sacrificing quality in order to earn higher wages in the short term. †¢ Multi-skilled teams would allow any absent workers to be covered for by people with equivalent skills and, more importantly, encourage continuous improvement to production processes. †¢ Totally productive maintenance, improvement teams and benchmarking would likewise allow everyone working at the company to contribute to the general improvement effort. All these changes were important but it is also vital to realise that, without the necessary investment, the changes in Jaguar would have been difficult or even impossible. Yet these issues are connected. It was the success of the company’s management in starting these changes which encouraged the parent group (Ford) to invest considerable sums of money in the company, which in turn allowed the changed described above to have a real impact.

Eva’s Print Shop

Eva’s – – Print Shop: tripled bottom line operates as a social business and a corporate structure divided in terms of it’s two businesses some horizontal connection between the teams but not a clear functional structure hybrid between functional and divisional innovative features: social business (mohamed yunous) – integrating the production (commercial) and the teaching (social) business side – bringing in money to sustain the organization social side 2002 – they used to be funded by federal grants BUT caveat w. overnment funding required the trainees to be paid†¦ issue: these are homeless youth and they are being taken off the streets – giving them homes and are taught basic survival skills on how to live, and take care of themselves any kind of not for profit formula has strict guidelines which is why they switched because it was counter intuitive to the social goal. Case: Who: (names and position): – Andrew Macdo nald and the Advisory Board (primary stakeholders) – Eva’s initiatives What: (Key Issues): – Whether or not to expand and if so how Why: (Root Causes): Funding Will the business side fund the social side?Need to help more at risk youth is pressing – growing problem When (Timeline): – No, just as it works for the company – Changing the funding has put some constraints on the economic business, BEP Analysis: (application of course concepts, models, theories): – Performance: changing in funding formula away from government funding was made after 2005 strategic review – allowed Eva’s Phoenix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. How did this impact its organizational design?Strategy: integration of its social and commercial elements of the enterprise – triple bottom line, includes environmental – uses Bullfrog Power Models: – triple-bottom line – effectiveness measures: goal approach – internal process model: h ow does the training side interact with the commercial side? How are conflicts resolved? resource model: by choosing bullfrog power, they may be paying more for their power but using homeless youth – they may be comprising their efficiency and quality – Balancing Act between the 2 – Professionalism – more professional you’re staff, the more you have to pay them Decision Criteria 1. ncrease youth participation 2. increase efficiency on the economic business side 3. feasibility and funding 4. keeping or increasing the synergy 5. no compromise the social or environmental objectives for the business objectives 6. complexity in the design structure 7. maintaining your volunteers Alternatives: 1. Keep the structure the same but tweak it, make economic more efficient (incremental efficiencies) 2. Grow the business using the same structure – just bigger 3. Grow geographically – replicating the model in different cities where there is a simila r need 4.Separate the print shop and the social initiatives Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Incremental efficiencies will allow for more professionalism and customer focus – some basic training before anyone works in the print shop handling customer materials – meets a, b, c & d 2. Growing the†¦ Recommendation/Implementation/contingency – finding a suitable location – must find advisory board and volunteers – securing funding to run a similar operation – finance volunteer – finding customers and sales volunteer – onnecting with volunteer agency in the designated city to source homeless youth and discuses details on how to manage the process hiring staff with the expertise needed to run both the print side and the social side create and accountability Constrains – Budgetary issues – Timelines Downside Risk: – Failure of program – volunteer not committed – Not find youth who are interested in staying and learning new skills – Not enough customers Contingency: partnering with a local social agency and try to implement the program using their infrastructure and recourse while providing your expertise

William Penn essays

William Penn essays William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, had many personal defeats but always found a way to be victorious. The thing that made him famous was the fact that he never let his disappointments get the better of himself. When he was down, he always found a way to get back up. Not only was William brave, but he was a true humanitarian. He believed that every person is a son of God, and should be treated like a brother. He wasn't only known for establishment Pennsylvania, he was a living example of true dignity. William Penn, father of the founder, was a lieutenant in the English Navy and played an important part in the sea trades with the Mediterranean. He learned all of his knowledge from his father, Giles Penn, who was a well-respected captain for the Royal Navy. "He served with his father, as a boy, in various mercantile voyages in the northern seas."# William married Margaret Jasper in winter of 1643 and to this conceived three children; William, Richard, and Margaret. William died on September 16, 1670. As he lay on his deathbed, William spoke to his son about having a truly Christian mind, and never be troubled at disappointments. Young William was always close to his father, and became very dedicated to achieving what his father expected of him. Born in London on October 24, 1644, William was the first of three children born into the Penn family. William was sent to a preparatory school in Chigwell at an early age. "He attended school there, it is said, until he was twelve years of age. It seems fairly certain that he acquired a good knowledge of Latin, and he may have also obtained the foundation of his knowledge of Greek there."# When his family moved to London, Penn stayed behind and received his education from a tutor. For four years, he received this education by tutors and this is when he first heard the Quaker preaching given by Thomas Loe. When William returned to London, he enrolled into Oxford C...

Help Astronomers Classify Galaxies

Help Astronomers Classify Galaxies The world of science is one of careful measurements and analysis. Theres so much scientific data available to scientists today across all disciplines that some of it had to wait for a scientist to get to it. In recent decades, the scientific community has been turning to citizen scientists to help them analyze it. In particular, the worlds astronomers have a rich treasury of information and imaging available and are working with citizen volunteers and observers to help them sift through it all   In astronomy, not only are they working together on analysis, but in some projects, amateur observers are using their telescopes to observe objects of interest to professionals.   Welcome to Citizen Science Citizen science brings people of all walks of life together to do important work in such diverse disciplines as astronomy, biology, zoology, and others. The degree of participation is really up to the volunteer whos interested in helping out. It also depends on the projects needs. For example, in the 1980s, amateur astronomers banded together with astronomers to do a massive imaging project focused on Comet Halley. For two years, these observers took pictures of the comet and forwarded them to a group at NASA for digitization. The resulting International Halley Watch showed astronomers that there were qualified amateurs out there, and luckily they had good telescopes. It also brought a whole new generation of citizen scientists into the limelight. Nowadays there are various citizen science projects available, and in astronomy, they literally let anyone with a computer or a telescope (and some free time) explore the universe. For astronomers, these projects get them access to amateur observers and their telescopes, or people with some computer savvy to help them work through mountains of data. And, for the participants, these projects give an exclusive look at some pretty fascinating objects.   Opening the Floodgates of Science Data Several years ago a group of astronomers opened up an endeavor called Galaxy Zoo  to public access. Today, its called Zooniverse.org, an online portal where participants look at images of various subjects and help analyze them. For astronomers, it includes images taken by survey instruments such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which is a massive imaging and spectrographic survey of the sky done by instruments in the northern and southern hemisphere. The idea for the original Galaxy Zoo was to check out images of galaxies from surveys and help classify them. There are trillions of galaxies. In fact, the universe IS galaxies, out as far as we can detect. To understand how galaxies form and evolve over time, its important to classify them by their galaxy shapes and types. This is what Galaxy Zoo and now Zooniverse asked its users to do: classify galaxy shapes. Galaxies typically come in a number of shapes - astronomers refer to this as galaxy morphology. Our own Milky Way Galaxy is a barred spiral, meaning it is spiral-shaped with a bar of stars, gas, and dust across its center. There are also spirals without bars, as well as elliptical (cigar-shaped) galaxies of varying types, spherical galaxies, and irregularly shaped ones.   People can still classify galaxies on Zooniverse, as well as other objects and not just in science. The system trains users in what to look for, no matter what the subject is, and after that, its citizen science.   A Zooniverse of Opportunity Zooniverse  today includes research areas on a wide array of topics in astronomy. It includes such sites as Radio Galaxy Zoo, where participants check out galaxies that emit large amounts of radio signals, Comet Hunters, where users scan images to spot comets, Sunspotter (for solar observers tracking sunspots), Planet Hunters (who search out worlds around other stars), Asteroid Zoo and others. Beyond astronomy, users can work on Penguin Watch, Orchid Observers, Wisconsin Wildlife Watch, Fossil Finder, Higgs Hunters, Floating Forests, Serengeti Watch, and projects in other disciplines.   Citizen science has become a huge part of the scientific process, contributing to advances in many areas. As it turns out, Zooniverse is just the tip of the iceberg! Other groups have also put together citizen science initiatives, including Cornell University.   All are easy to join, and participants will find that  their time and attention really DO make a difference, both to scientists and as contributors to the worlds general level of scientific knowledge and education.

Methodology Proposal about Government intervention in Global Economy Essay

Methodology Proposal about Government intervention in Global Economy - Essay Example This paper intends to study in detail the reasons why and effects of governments’ intervention in the world economy. Introduction We first study the methods that the governments have in the past intervened. Research studies indicate that governments adopt various methods to intervene in economic performance dictated by the nature of intervention. History shows that the interventions have been directed by the world economic forces such as the recessions, booms, debt crises among others. However, we shall note that the disparity also arises from the generational change. Most of the interventions methods that governments adopted in the early regimes after independence have changed as the economies mature. Moreover, a defense is noted in the economic intervention mechanisms by the governments in the developed economies as opposed to the mechanisms adopted by the third world economies. Research studies reveal that much of government intervention in the growing economies revolve aro und boosting the economies, while in the developed economies are mostly interested in stability as well as growth. Mechanisms adopted by governments are in essence directed to offering cover to their economies against economic forces from outside or well too to regulate the internal economic performances of their countries. ... Economic partnerships Normally, the government and the private sector run as distinct identities as regards the business environment. Moreover, different governments run distinctively in economic matters though at times circumstances require collective working in order to realize set goals. The government of a state may join hands in economic dealings through what is called partnership moreover; one government may enter into formal arrangement with other governments to serve together economically. These partnerships dictate the economic environment of a state or an economic block. Small economies such as are the African countries are the best examples of economic partnership. They form economic blocks such as the south-south through which they stand to negotiate their deals in the global economic front. However, such partnerships always face the challenge of specialization. However, it is a challenge because majority of young African economies over-specialize in their mode of product ion. Agriculture is the basic example in this (OECD, United Nations OSAA, 2011, 6 of 14). Diversification Governments have the sole mandate of dictating the means of production within a country. Specialization policies as against diversification policies dictate that an economy relies on specialized sector of production within an economy. On the other hand; diversification entails policies that encourage various modes of production as against only one. Through this therefore, a government is able tgo influence her economic performance as well as the performance of her trade partners even within the global market. The government intervenes into the economic performance of a country through such policies that encourage diversification as against specialization. Government spending The

Amnesty and Human Rights Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amnesty and Human Rights - Case Study Example Amnesty has published an article under the title: "Tibet at risk of torture" on march 27 2008. It shows the recent events in Tibet, a country that is occupied by China for more then 50 years now. Despite all efforts from the Dalai Lama, the Olympics 2008 in Being are the event that draws finally the attention to the problems of the occupation. The whole world is protesting right right now. And what Amnesty shows us explains why. Amnesty (2008): "According to information published by the Tibetan Center on Human Rights and Democracy, 15 Tibetan monks were detained on 10 March for staging a peaceful demonstration in Barkhor, Lhasa, the capital of Tibetan Autonomous Region in China. There is no information of their current whereabouts or of any charges brought against them. They are at high risk of torture and other ill- treatment." Besides this significant and important action there is also the important issue on the Human Rights situation in China. Amnesty (2008): " Expressing an opini on online in China can result in jail, torture and death. People are silenced and what happens in China is often clouded in secrecy. Sign up to take the pledge to stop the Chinese Government and large internet companies restricting freedom of expression on the Internet, and we'll keep you up-to-date with ways you can help create a more transparent society in China." You can directly participate in signing the form online.... and death. People are silenced and what happens in China is often clouded in secrecy. Sign up to take the pledge to stop the Chinese Government and large internet companies restricting freedom of expression on the Internet, and we'll keep you up-to-date with ways you can help create a more transparent society in China." You can directly participate in signing the form online. The chosen actions are petitions you can sign online or send in an email to the Ambassador. You reach immediate whom you want to reach, the Government of China from home. In doing so you can plaid for changes in the situation of Chines regarding the human rights and plaid for a free Tibet. How effective do you think the action has been/will be and how could it be more effective Amnesty is offering us a change to write a letter to the Chinese Ambassador to plead for Tibet. Online there is an example for an email. Amnesty asking us to personalize the letters also online to help. Amnesty (2008): " Please send an urgent letter to His Excellency Mr ZHANG Junsai, Ambassador of the People's Republic of China in Australia. Here are some key points you can include in your letter: urge the authorities to release the 15 monks, as well as all others detained for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression, Association and assembly urge the authorities to fully account for all those detained during the demonstrations, ensuring they are not tortured or otherwise ill-treated, have access to lawyers and medical care, are brought promptly before an independent court and are able to challenge their detention ensure that those prosecuted are charged with internationally recognizable offences and tried in proceedings which meet international fair

Liquid Crystal Displays evolution into the future Essay

Liquid Crystal Displays evolution into the future - Essay Example iversity of Illinois argued with concern about the quality of monitors which by then were television sets used within the main computer producing very low quality pictures which were not well defined and difficult to identify the content and, or follow the programs that were being broadcasted (Adee, 2008, p. 81). Due to evolution of large and colored screens, the quality of pictures improved despite the high power consumption which was mainly as a result of large components with respect to the later versions but smaller compared to the older versions respectively, overheating, the quality became poorer afterwards due to constant overheating hence the need for a different screen monitor with better resolutions to help solve the problems that they had experienced previously with the cathode Ray Tube screens as well (Bellis, 2007, p. 37). This concern led to invention of LCD technology. The term â€Å"plasma† was used in regard to the technology because the pixels that enhance screen resolution depended on plasma cells. A plasma screen is a typical display panel contains millions of tiny plasma cells in compartmentalized spaces between two glass panels which when energized reflects light that focuses on the screen to create a field of view (Delepierre et., al, 2006, p. 30). LCD- This is a fourth state of matter after solid, liquid and gaseous states, which contains definite number of electrically charged particles. However, the interaction between the neutral particles and the charged particles plays a major role in determining the usefulness and the behavior of plasma. As the energized electrons move and vibrate between the two glasses, some of the electrons strike mercury particles moving through the plasma which increases surface area for the energy level in the molecules (Chemistry, 2011, p. 27). Each pixel in a plasma display comprises of three primary colors namely blue, red and green with respect to the IEE regulations, the voltage signal variations within

Analysis Of The Air India Airline Tourism Essay

Analysis Of The Air India Airline Tourism Essay It was founded by  J. R. D. Tata  in July 1932 as  Tata Airlines, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a single-engine  De Havilland Puss Moth  carrying air mail (postal mail of  Imperial Airways) from  Karachis Drigh Road Aerodrome to  Bombays  Juhu Airstrip  via  Ahmedabad. Air India serves 11 domestic destinations and 18 international destinations in 11 countries across  Asia,  Europe  and  North America. Air India has two subsidiaries and two affiliated carries. Together Air India,  Air India Cargo,  Air India Express,  Indian  and  Air India Regional  form the  National Aviation Company of India Limited. Air India Cargo It was started in 1954. The airline operates cargo flights to many destinations. The airline also has on ground truck-transportation arrangements on select destinations. As a part of the IATA carriers Air India carries all types of cargo including dangerous goods and live animals. Air India Express Air India Express  is the low-cost  subsidiary of the airline which was established in 2005 during the aviation boom in India. It operates primarily to the  Persian Gulf  and  South East Asia through scheduled passenger services   Indian Indian  which is based in  Delhi  focuses primarily on domestic routes, along with several international services to neighbouring countries in Asia. Air India Regional Air India Regional or better known as Alliance Air serves mainly on Regional routes. Its main hub is  Delhis  Indira Gandhi International Airport. Tangible Assets Fleet and Material Resources Air India is gradually expanding its fleet. In the recent times seventeen new aircraft eight B777-200LRs and nine B777-300ERs have so far joined the fleet and apart from this 15 Airbus A-321s and 16 A-319s have also joined for Indian operations.  Air India now operates 28 weekly services on the international network to three destinations in the  Ã‚  USA New York, Newark and Chicago including a daily NonStop flight between Mumbai-New York and Delhi-New York following the induction of brand new Boeing 777-200LR in its fleet. With a fleet of 136 aircraft, Air India has been gradually expanding its network to cover new destinations in India and abroad. Given below are the details of the Air India Fleet: Network Air India currently operates international flights from Mumbai and 16 other Indian cities, viz. Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Goa, Hyderabad, Kochi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Lucknow, Jaipur, Varanasi, Tiruchirapalli, Gaya and Thiruvananthapuram. Commencement of international operations from these cities has obviated the need for passengers from these regions to necessarily travel to Mumbai and Delhi, the traditional gateways, for taking international flights. Passengers boarding or deplaning in these cities can now complete their immigration and custom formalities at their city airport, both at the time of departure and arrival.   Additionally, Air India has code-sharing arrangements with other international carriers. International Hub: After taking the path of consolidation during the past one year, the airline has taken a major initiative towards strengthening its global network and has restructured its operations to Europe and USA by making Frankfurt its operational hub for West-bound flights.   Indian Hub: The Indian Hub resides at Delhi Mumbai Airports which houses facilities for connections to all major Indian cities. On the domestic front AI operates to 64 stations out of which 17 are connected to our international destinations. The 172-seater Airbus A321 aircraft connects all major metros, including all flights on the Delhi-Mumbai sector. Spacious cabin, comfortable seats and the luxury of in-flight entertainment make this a superior product that travellers look forward to. Star Alliance There has been a quantum jump in product profile resulting from induction of new aircraft and consequent expansion of network, Air India will be all set to join the Star Alliance by March, 2011. Once Air India becomes a member, passengers will enjoy enormous benefits, including seamless transfers while travelling across the world, more frequent flyer mileage points, code-sharing leading to a wider choice of flights and access to lounge facilities worldwide. Star Alliance, is a leading global airline alliance of 21 top international carriers. The Star Alliance network offers more than 17,000 daily flights to 916 destinations. Human Resources Air India has more Human Resources than it needs which is evident in the numbers employed. In 2009, 17% of the airlines expenditure went towards salaries which is enormous comparing it with private carriers for whom it was 9.5%. The merger didnt involve any retrenchment. Nor do any of the current recovery measures being discussed hold any ideas of reducing employee strength by huge numbers. Air India has 31,000 employees and 14 recognized worker unions apart from which there are several unrecognized ones. While the unions say they are open to being supportive for the development of a better future for the airline, they do not support privatization of the airline or retrenchment Apart from retrenchment, employees are also worried about the new structure adopted by the airline which they believe will work against their interests. This structure is the so-called SBU structure, one where a large organization is broken up into smaller units, each of which is run like an independent company in principle. In Air Indias case, the problem as discussed by some senior editors officials is that the strategic business unit structure isnt perfect. Under this structure, a Delhi airport manager reports to his strategic business unit head, while his performance will actually be reviewed by the executive director of the northern region. Adding to this the decision on rewarding this airport manager with a foreign posting is in the hands of the commercial director, who is based in Mumbai. The officials recommend is that this entire structure be done away with and a more equitable and just system is brought into place which assures long term sustainability of the organization. IT Technology Resources The IT integration between the erstwhile Air India and Indian Airlines is complete and new technology processes are put in place which are to assure high quality services to the customers. NACIL, the holding company of Air India, has entrusted SITA (Society International Telecommunications Aeronautics) with the task to implement an efficient online booking engine, departure control system, check-in and automated boarding control, baggage reconciliation system (BRS) and a frequent flyer programme. The deal which is a contract worth $190 million (Rs 845 crore) for a period of 10 years will also enable Air India to use SITAs Horizon Passenger Services System. According to SITA, the systems implemented will make Air India step into the league of unmatched technological supremacy on the technological front primarily this includes an integrated IT platform will enable Air India to streamline its ticket distribution system and save on high distribution cost. SITAs Horizon platform provides hosted PSS services to 140 airlines boarding 120 million passengers and will be used to deliver a single airline code which is extremely critcial in order to allow the seamless integration of the former domestic carrier Indian Airlines with Air India for the first time since they merged in August 2007. Another early deliverable will be enabling Air India to meet the requirements for joining the Star Alliance. SITA association with Air India with mission-critical services has been for more than 50 years, including network connectivity at all their domestic and international stations, check-in, air-to-ground communications, fares management and baggage tracing. Air India is now invited to join SITAs Horizon Advisory Board which sets the strategic direction for SITA as it engages with Oracle and other partners to deliver a next generation Passenger Services System which will greatly benefit Air India as it exploits new technology and open systems architecture. SITAs workforce in India along with its local partners NIIT and Mindtree now stands at almost 1,000 highly skilled personnel. Low Cost Resources: Livery Air India and  Indian  unveiled their new livery in May 2007. The logo of the new entity is a Flying Swan with the Konark Chakra placed inside it. The Flying Swan has been morphed from Air Indias old characteristic logo, The Centaur whereas the new Konark Chakra is reminiscent of Indians logo. While the aircraft is a new ivory in colour, the base retains the red streak of Air India. Running parallel to each other is the characteristically evident Orange and Red speed lines from front door to the rear door, subtly signifying the individual identities merged into one. The brand name Air India runs across the tail of the aircraft in  hindi signifying the importance of the National language. The Maharaja This Maharja which is now familiar figure first made his appearance in Air India way back in 1946. Bobby Kooka as Air Indias Commercial Director and Umesh Rao, an artist with J.Walter Thompson Ltd., Mumbai, together created the Maharajah. It began as an attempt as a design for an inflight memo pad grew to take Air Indias sales and promotional messages to millions of travellers across the world. Today, this iconic Maharajah of Air India has become a world figure. The logo has completed 56 years and become the most recognizable mascot the world over. The various ads depicting his antics, expressions, puns have allowed Air India to promote its services with a unique panache and an unmatched sense of subtle humour. In fact the Maharaja has won numerous national and international awards for Air India for humour, sense and originality in publicity. Dining Air India is constantly trying to create a gourmet experience in its dining. The airline offers a choice of menus to interest all types of tastes Indian and Continental. Apart from these, there is western cuisine, a choice of Asian specialities, and even Japanese meals on the India-Japan route. If any passenger has a special food requirement, there is a choice to choose from any of the twenty three special meals. The menus are constantly revamped and the wines carried on board live up to the food they complement. Meals are served in First Class seating to passengers in bone china crockery. Alcoholic beverages are served complimentary.   In-flight Entertainment Air India aircraft are the envy of any radio station with a rich collection of music on board in different genres. Passengers can choose from Indian popular music, Indian Classical, beautiful Ghazals, Bollywood hits and English songs from Western Classical, Pop, Jazz, Country and Nostalgia. A special channel for Regional songs with different routes and demographics has been compiled to suit all passengers coming from different regions. Air Indias video programmes include a choice of the most recent English and Hindi feature films. The finest in comedy, nature wildlife, adventure, action and life style are wrapped in a One-hour video magazine. There are special movies in Tamil, Malayalam, etc selected for passengers travelling from Kochi, Kozhikode and Chennai to the Gulf and Singapore.  Ã‚   On Ground Facilities: Lounges, etc   Air India has its own exclusive lounges at Delhi, London, Hong Kong and New York in addition to the one in Mumbai. At other international airports, Air India has tie-ups with other international airlines or local Airports Authorities for lounge facility.  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lounge for unaccompanied minors as well.   Online Booking, Web Check-in, etc The quick, easy and convenient way to book AI tickets online through the Air India website. An e ticket will be generated and the details with the e ticket link will be emailed to the passenger.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air India has extensive facilities for Web check in and Tele check in for its passengers to provide ease of facilities.

Northern and Middle Colonies :: American America History

Northern and Middle Colonies When the northern and middle colonies were founded, England had a strong hold over the colonies. They controlled development and the government, among other things. But as the colonies developed, they began to have an ever-growing sense of independence that was a threat to its English rulers. As a result of this England went through much trouble in constantly trying to regain full control of the colonies. Early in the Development of Massachusetts and the other New England colonies, the government of England had paid little attention to the colonies due to civil strife back at home. This neglect gave the colonies a somewhat independent feel. When Charles II came back to power in England, he decided to take a more active role in the English colonies of North America and stop the defiance of royal rule that was taking place. His first action was to give a charter to both Rhode Island and Connecticut, squatter settlements, which was a slap in the face to the colony of Massachusetts, which was, according to Charles II, ignoring royal rule. In 1684, as a show of power, Charles II revoked the charter of Massachusetts. The next action taken by England was the creation of the Dominion of New England. The primary purpose of the Domination of New England was too promote the English Navigation Laws which were not being followed. The Navigation Laws were meant to stop trade with non-English ruled countries. Another purpose of the Domination was to defend the colonies in case of attack by Native Americans in the area. The Domination of New England was very harsh in its rule. Headed by Sir Edmund Andros, he limited town meetings and put restrictions on such precious things as the courts, press, and schools. The Domination continued its rule, much to the dismay of the citizens, until the Glorious Revolution in 1688-1689. When the news of this revolution reached New England the Domination was immediately deteriorated. And Andros was sent back to England. Just when the New Englanders thought they had retained the freedom they previously had, when Massachusetts was made a royal colony and given a new charter. More English officials, judges, and clerks were sent to Massachusetts, many of who was not ft to hold the professions they were given. This greatly outraged the citizens of Massachusetts and further imposed their need for freedom.

Gender and Translation Essay

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the role of the gender of the translator on the accuracy of the translation, and to determine whether there is any difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. Two English novels and two translations for each, one done by a female and the other by a male translator, were selected. Each translation was compared with its source text, sentence by sentence, and based on some certain categories, their inappropriate renderings affecting the understanding of the ST, and in fact affecting the translation accuracy, were extracted. The total numbers of the observed inappropriate renderings of each group of the female and male translators were counted. Having analyzed the data and having applied some statistical analyses, the researcher discovered that the answer to the research question was negative and the null hypothesis of the research was supported. Key Words: gender, accuracy, mutedness, politeness, dominance 1. Introduction Every process of translation involves at least two languages and one message, which can be called form and meaning. In fact, the meaning is the message which is transferred by various features and it is the task of the translator to transfer the meaning of the ST into the TT. So, depending on different factors affecting the translator’s performance and the way the message is conveyed, different translations will be produced. Gender of the translator is one of the factors that may affect the product of the translator, and the accuracy of translation is an important feature in evaluating any translated text. This research aimed to work on the differences which might exist in terms of the accuracy between the translations done by male and female translators. Thus, the research question was as follows: â€Å"Is there any difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy? † In order to investigate the above mentioned research question, the following hypothesis was developed: â€Å"There is no difference between the translations done by female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. † 2. Gender, Language, Accuracy and Translation 2. 1. Gender and Language: Language, socially and personally, is a significant part of man’s identity. Language and gender are linked and developed through man’s participation in every day social practice. It is proved through various investigations that the languages of men and women are really different (Holmes 1995: 1). In the past, women were invisible, yet today they believe that they possess a different voice, different psychology, different experience of love, etc. and also different culture from that of men (Coates 1997: 13). Many studies have been conducted so far, regarding the role of the gender â€Å"as a determinant of linguistic usage† (Stockwell 2002: 16). According to Stockwell (2002: 16), today the term ‘genderlect’ is used to refer to the different lexical and grammatical choices which are characteristically made by males and females; e. g. women in their talks use frequent certain color term, frequent certain evaluative adjectives, not sure intonation, tag phrases and super-polite expressions, such as euphemism, less swearing and more indirect words. Some of their language differences proved through various investigations are as follows: women are believed to be the talkative and gossiping sex (Graddol & Swann 1992: 70). Women speak softly, whereas men speak loud and such differences in the voices relate to their physical sexual differences; moreover, men are thought to be stronger and bigger than women (Graddol & Swann 1992: 13). Men use ‘I’, swear words and taboo ones more than women, and in order to continue the conversation and show the certainty, women use more hedges, expressions such as ‘I’m sure’, ‘you know’, ‘perhaps’†¦ (Coates 1997: 116, 126). According to Jepersen (cited in Coates 1997: 20), since women start talking without having thought, they are much more often break off than men without finishing their sentences. It is believed that women talk, compliment others and also apologize more than men do; moreover, in conversations women usually do not interrupt men’s words and they wait until they finish their talk (Holmes 1995: 2). Also, as Graddol and Swann (1992: 92) believe women talk more politely than men. But what is the linguistic definition of the concept of ‘politeness’? Politeness should be considered as â€Å"an expression of concern for the feelings of others† (Holmes 1995: 4). Holmes (1995: 6) believes that women are more concerned about the feelings of those to whom they are talking and they speak more explicitly than men; also, he says that women are considered as the members of the subordinate group, so they have to be polite. In mixed conversations, women use the minimal responses more than men and at appropriate moment, while men use such words less and often with delay to show their dominance and the powerlessness of the gender to which they talk (Coates 1997: 116). As mentioned before, men interrupt more than women and it is because they think they are more dominated and powerful (Coates 1997: 110). There is an idea that powerlessness is a feminine characteristic (cited in Graddol & Swann 1992: 91, 92). DeVault (2002: 90) believes that â€Å"the concept of â€Å"mutedness† does not imply that women are silent†. According to Coates (1997: 35), for centuries women were considered in a ‘muted group’ and this was the desired state of them; so this belief that women talk too much is because of this fact that they are required to express themselves to the dominant group of men and talk to them, so that they can be heard by them and this talking is against their mutedness. Consequently, women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one, and for this reason, females are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males. But regarding their translations, it must be said since translation is the product of man’s language, it must have the same characteristics as that of language. So, every translation must reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. 2. 2. Translation and Accuracy: In the process of translating a text, the message of the original should be preserved in the translation and this shows the fidelity or faithfulness of the translator to the original text. Beekman and Callow (1989: 33) believe that a faithful translation is the one â€Å"which transfers the meaning and the dynamics of the original text†; and by ‘transferring the meaning’, they mean that the translation conveys the ST information to the TT reader. According to Beekman and Callow (1989: 34), â€Å"only as the translator correctly understands the message, can he begin to be faithful†, and it is only then that â€Å"he can translate clearly & accurately†. In fact, faithfulness and fidelity are two terms which show how much the TT reconstructs the ST. Some translation theorists believe that the translation should be evaluated by considering its ST as â€Å"the yardstick† (Manafi Anari 2004: 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Manafi Anari (2004: 41, vol. 1, no. 4) defines accuracy as â€Å"the exactitude or precision of the meaning conveyed† and in fact it â€Å"implies conformity of translation with the original text in terms of fact or truth†. Also, he defines ‘accurate translation’ as a translation â€Å"which is the reproduction of the message of the ST† (Manafi Anari 2004: 34, vol. 2, no. 5). Newmark (1996: 111) believes that in translating a text, â€Å"the accuracy relates to the SL text, either to the author’s meaning, or to the objective truth that is encompassed by the text†, etc. According to the discussion above, accuracy can be considered as one of the representations of the faithfulness in translation, i. e. showing how accurately the translator has managed to reproduce the message of the ST into the TL. Larson (1984: 485) believes that in every translation, accuracy, clearness and naturalness are of the great importance. Regarding the translation accuracy, she believes that in some cases, when the translator tries to get the meaning of the ST and convey it to the TT, s/he may make some mistakes, either in the analysis of the ST, or in the process of conveying the meaning, and a different meaning may result; then, there is a need for a careful check regarding the accuracy of the translation. According to Khomeijani Farahani (2005: 77-78) based on what Larson proposed in 1984, the process of evaluating the accuracy of translation can be done in 2 possible ways: one way is recognizing the key words of the ST and their equivalences in the TT and comparing how close they are; i. e. determining whether the translator could convey the same and exact meaning of the ST by selecting the best target equivalents and whether s/he could achieve an acceptable accuracy or not. Another way is using back translation; i. e. translating the TLT into the SL, then, carrying out a contrastive analysis and if the retranslated text is reasonably close to the SLT, the translation has got the acceptable accuracy. Also, Waddington (2001: 313) has proposed a translation quality assessment method based on Hurtado’s (1995) model: Waddington’s â€Å"Method A† introduces three groups of mistakes which may exist in a translation. The first group of the mistakes, which consider the understanding of the ST message, is related to the accuracy of the translation; it contains inappropriate renderings affecting the understanding of the source text and divides them into eight categories: contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc. ). Consequently, the term ‘translation accuracy’ refers to the translator’s understanding of the message of the ST and that how accurately the translator has managed to translate a text from one language into another. 2. 3. Gender and Translation Through reviewing the languages applied by women and men, and also by studying various aspects of their lives, it is revealed that women are considered as the subordinate group and men as the dominant one. Hence, it is for this reason that in recent decades, females are doing their best in order to be heard by the society and express their abilities to males. Over the past several decades and after the women’s movement, gender issues got involved in the language issues; meanwhile the translation studies developed more and more (von Flotow 1997: 1). Regarding the translation, it can be assumed that since translation is the product of the language of the human being, it might have the same characteristics as those of language. So, every translation might reflect the characteristics of the language of its translator. According to von Flotow (1997: 5), â€Å"gender refers to the sociocultural construction of both sexes†. During 1960s-1970s, feminist thinkers discussed socialized difference between women and men and the cultural and political powerlessness of these two genders (von Flotow 1997: 5). About the concept of gender, Sherry Simon (1996: 5) believes that â€Å"gender is an element of identity and experience which, like other cultural identities, takes form through social consciousness†. By reviewing the history of translation, we can discover that always there have been â€Å"well-known debates over how best to be faithful†; then, it is not   astonishing â€Å"that fidelity in translation has been consistently defined in terms of gender and sexuality† (Chamberlain, cited in Baker 1998: 93). For a long time, translation has been employed to explain women’s actions in public, and as von Flotow (1997: 12) has referred to Marguerito Duras, women lived in darkness for centuries, they did not even know themselves very well; then, while entering the public atmosphere, they had to translate what they mean. As claimed by Arteaga (1994: 2, cited in Simon 1996: 134), cultural and linguistic histories of every nation demonstrate the relationship between self and other; at present, in cultural studies, translation is considered as a metaphor expressing â€Å"the increasing internationalization of cultural production† as well as â€Å"the fate of those who struggle between two worlds and two languages†. According to Simon (1996: 134-135), marginalized group view translation as a means through which they can establish themselves in the culture and language of the dominant groups: women attempt to â€Å"translate themselves† into the men’s language and migrants try to translate their past experiences into the present. It is because of â€Å"the sense of not being at home within idioms of power† that has made many women and also migrants, such as Salman Rushdie, to believe themselves as being â€Å"translated beings† (Rushdie 1991: 13, cited in Simon 1996: 135). Translator and translation have been considered as marginalized, since some have believed that the original text has got superiority over the translation and that the translation is just an equivalent of the original and it is not an original in itself (Hatim & Munday 2004: 200). Historically, translation has been considered as a secondary and degraded version of authorship (Simon 1996: 39). As Simon (1996: 39) states, it has been appeared as a great instrument for women providing them to step into the world of literature and writing; translation helps women to express themselves through their writings and translations; for long, women have been limited to just translate and they have been only permitted to enter this specific secondary zone of writing; they have been forced to stand outside the borders of the dominant zone of writing and not been allowed to enjoy the position of authorship. Feminism and translation are both considered in the category of â€Å"secondariness† and both are served as instruments for the critical understanding of differences as it is described in language (Simon 1996: 8). The aim of feminist translation theory is to determine and to criticize the concepts of inferiority of women and translation, in both society and literature; for this purpose, the process through which translation has come to be feminized should be explored and the structures of authority maintaining such association should be troubled (Simon 1996: 1). By the passage of time, and through the achievements formed by feminists and their movements, women could express themselves and their abilities in society, and in fact, they could establish their identities in the world; just as Simon says, â€Å"feminism has also reordered lines of cultural transmission† (Simon 1996: 84). By means of translation, translators – often females – have created new ways of exchange; besides, they have opened new translation markets, and according to Simon (1996: 84), â€Å"in addition to the conceptual challenging of translation tropes, feminism has worked to establish new intellectual connections†. 3. Methodology The researcher compared some Persian translations with their English originals to discover whether there is any significant difference between the translations of the male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. So, a comparative descriptive approach was adopted. In fact, this research was conducted through a descriptive corpus-based method. As the corpus of the study, two English novels and two translations for each, i. e. one by a male and another by a female translator, were compared regarding their accuracy. The researcher considered about 10000 words of each English novel and compared the original sentences with their Persian translations. The titles of the novels and their translations were as follows: ( Austen, J. (1813), reprinted 2003. Pride and Prejudice. Bantam Classic: New York. ( . ? . . . : ? 1385. ( . ? . . . : 1386. ( Bronte, E. (1847), reprinted 2003. Wuthering Heights. Bantam Classic: New York. ( . ( ). . . : 1386. ( . ( ). . . : 1385. 4. Data Analysis In order to discover whether male translators translate more accurately than female translators and to find out whether there is any significant difference between the accuracy of the translations of these two genders, the researcher chose two English novels and she compared the first 10000 words of each novel with their two translations, one done by a male and the other by a female translator. Here, the unit of the analysis was ‘sentence’; i. e. the researcher compared each sentence of the source text with its certain translation according to the first part of Waddington’s â€Å"Method A† (2001: 313) which is related to translation accuracy and contains the eight categories of the inappropriate renderings which affect the understanding of the source text: contresens, faux sens, nonsens, addition, omission, unresolved extralinguistic references, loss of meaning, and inappropriate linguistic variation (register, style, dialect, etc.). Examples below show the way the researcher analyzed the translations. Here, there are: * MT1: male translator of the Text 1 *FT1: female translator of the Text 1 * MT2: male translator of the Text 2 *FT2: female translator of the Text 2 Examples are as follows: ( But to be candid without ostentation or design – to take the good of everybody’s character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad – belongs to you alone. (Text 2/ Sentence 220) ( (FT2): ? ? ? ? . ( Faux sens: make it still better: ( Addition: ? / ? / ( Omission: character/ or design ( (MT2): ? †¦ ? †¦ . ( Faux sens: ostentation: / to make it still better: ( Addition: ? / ( Omission: character ( They could not every day sit so grim, and taciturn; and it was impossible, however, ill-tempered they might be, that the universal scowl they wore was their everyday countenance. (Text 1/ Sentence 159) ( (FT1): ? . ? ? . ( Addition: ? / ?/ ( Omission: sit/ countenance/ universal/ they wore ( (MT1): ? . ? ? . ( Fauxs sens: grim: ( Addition: / / ? / ? ( Omission: they wore/ universal The researcher computed and then presented the number of the frequencies of each category of the translations in the following tables: MT1 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |169 |0 |217 |193 |3 |32 |11 |628 | |Percentage |1 |47 |0 |60 |53 |1 |9 |3 |- | |Table 1: MT1’s Inappropriate Renderings. FT1 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |136 |0 |163 |151 |12 |25 |2 |492 | |Percentage |1 |38 |0 |45 |42 |3 |7 |1 |- | | Table 2: FT1’s Inappropriate Renderings MT2 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |1 |136 |0 |139 |171 |16 |44 |62 |569 | |Percentage |0 |36 |0 |37 |45 |4 |12 |16 |- | |Table 3: MT2’s Inappropriate Renderings. FT2 |Contresens |Fauxsens |Nonsens |Addition |Omission |Unresolved Extralinguistic References |Loss of Meaning |Inappropriate Linguistic Variation |Total | |Frequency |3 |169 |2 |204 |201 |4 |67 |11 |661 | |Percentage |1 |45 |1 |54 |53 |1 |18 |3 |- | |Table 4: FT2’s Inappropriate Renderings 5. Discussion: Regarding the translations of the Text 1, the researcher found that the female translator translated more accurately than the male translator, since the number of the observed inappropriate renderings of MT1 was more than that of FT1. But regarding the Text 2, the researcher got an opposite result; i. e. she discovered that the male translator translated more accurately than the female translator, for the number of the inappropriate renderings of FT2 was more than that of MT2. So, based on the different findings obtained from the analysis of the Text 1 and Text 2, the researcher discovered there is no significant difference between the translations done by the female and male translators in terms of translation accuracy. 6. Conclusion According to the data analysis and findings obtained through studying inappropriate rendering cases affecting the understanding of the ST, and in fact, affecting the accuracy of their translations, which occurred in the translations of the male and the female translators, it was proved that there is no significant difference between the translations done by male and female translators in terms of translation accuracy. Thus, the null hypothesis of this research was supported. Here, it is concluded that the gender of the translator plays no significant role in the accuracy of the translation, and that it cannot be said whether female translators translate more accurately than male translators or vice versa. So, this study proved that the gender of the translator cannot be considered as a determinant factor in examining the translation accuracy. References Baker, Mona. (ed. ) (1998). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. Beekman, John. and J. Callow. (1989). Translating the Word of God. Zondervan Publishing House. Coates, Jennifer (1997). Women, Men and Language (A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language). 2nd Edition. London and New York: Longman. DeVault, Marjorie. L. (2002). â€Å"Talking and Listening from Women’s Standpoint: Feminist Strategies for Interviewing and Analysis†. Darin Weinberg, (ed. ) Qualitative Research Methods. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc. , 88-111. Graddol, David. and J. Swann. (1992). Gender Voice. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Hatim, Basil. and J. Munday. (2004). Translation: An Advanced Resource Book. London and New York: Routledge. ` Holmes, Janet. (1995). Women, Men and Politeness. London and New York: Longman. Khomeijani Farahani, Aliakbar. (2005). â€Å"A Framework for Translation Evaluation†. Translation Studies, 3 (9), 75-87. Larson, Mildred. L. (1984). Meaning-based Translation: A Guide to Cross-language Equivalence. 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Also, available from: http://www. erudit. org/revue/meta/2001/v46/n2/004583ar. pdf [Accessed May 5, 2007]. ———————– [1] Contact Number: 09123274659 [2] Contact Number: 09124017793, 02133793821 E-mail Address: maliheh. ghodrati@gmail. com